Giddens argumenta que el capitalismo es una fuerza central en la configuración de la sociedad moderna y que ha transformado radicalmente las estructuras sociales, económicas y políticas. Sostiene que el capitalismo moderno se caracteriza por la globalización, la interconexión y la creciente dependencia de las relaciones de mercado.
Además, Giddens destaca que el capitalismo contemporáneo se basa en la deslocalización de la producción y la financiarización de la economía. Estos procesos han llevado a la aparición de una nueva clase de trabajadores ya la desaparición de empleos tradicionales, lo que ha generado inseguridad laboral y desigualdad económica.
En términos de teoría social, Giddens propone una perspectiva llamada «teoría de la estructuración». Esta teoría sostiene que la sociedad se mantiene y cambia a través de la interacción continua entre la estructura social y la agencia individual. Según Giddens, la estructura social proporciona el contexto y las reglas dentro de las cuales los individuos actúan, pero al mismo tiempo, las acciones individuales pueden influir y transformar la estructura social.
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